Introduction:
- The National
Airspace System is the network of United States airspace, air navigation
facilities, airports, regulations, procedures, technical information,
manpower, and material shared jointly between the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) and the military
In the united states of America there
are different Airspace according to what published in FAR Part 71 & 91; AIM
Ch 3
·
Categories of Airspace:
· They are divided into two category;
1. Regulatory (A, B, C, D, E, Restricted, and
Prohibited)
2. Non-regulatory (MOAs, Warning Areas,
Alert Areas, and Controlled Firing Areas).
Within
in these two categories there are four types:
· Controlled –
Airspace that has air traffic control service provided in accordance with the
airspace classification for A, B, C, D, E
· Uncontrolled –
Airspace that is under FAA jurisdiction that is not Class A, B, C, D, or E, and
which no air traffic control services are provided
· Special Use
· Other
i.
Class A: Generally, that airspace from 18,000
feet MSL up to and including FL 600, including the airspace overlying the
waters within 12 nautical miles of the coast of the 48 contiguous States and
Alaska; and designated international airspace beyond 12 nautical miles of the
coast of the 48 contiguous States and Alaska within areas of domestic radio
navigational signal or ATC radar coverage, and within which domestic procedures
are applied. Unless otherwise authorized, all persons must operate their
aircraft under IFR. (FAR 71.33, 91.167 – 91.193)
ii.
Class B: Generally, that
airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation's busiest
airports in terms of IFR operations or passenger enplanements. The
configuration of each Class B airspace area is individually tailored and
consists of a surface area and two or more layers (some Class B airspace areas
resemble upside-down wedding cakes), and is designed to contain all published
instrument procedures once an aircraft enters the airspace. An ATC clearance
is required for all aircraft to operate in the area, and all aircraft that are
so cleared receive separation services within the airspace. The cloud
clearance requirement for VFR operations is "clear of clouds."
Requirements for VFR Operations:
1. Two-way
radio
2. Hold
at least a Private Pilot Certificate
3. No
person may take off or land a civil aircraft at an airport within Class B
airspace or operate a civil aircraft within Class B airspace unless:
a. The
pilot-in-command holds at least a private pilot certificate; or
b. The
aircraft is operated by a student pilot or recreational pilot who seeks private
pilot certification and has met the requirements of 14 CFR Section 61.95.
4. Unless
otherwise authorized by ATC, each person operating a large turbine
engine-powered airplane to or from a primary airport shall operate at or above
the designated floors while within the lateral limits of Class B airspace.
5. Unless
otherwise authorized by ATC, each aircraft must be equipped as follows:
a. For
IFR operations, an operable VOR or TACAN receiver; and
b. For
all operations, a two-way radio capable of communications with ATC on
appropriate frequencies for that area; and
c. Unless
otherwise authorized by ATC, an operable radar beacon transponder with
automatic altitude reporting equipment.
NOTE
ATC
may, upon notification, immediately authorize a deviation from the altitude
reporting equipment requirement; however, a request for a deviation from the
4096 transponder equipment requirement must be submitted to the controlling ATC
facility at least one hour before the proposed operation.
6. Mode
C Veil:
The airspace within 30 nautical miles of an airport listed in Appendix D,
Section 1 of 14 CFR Part 91 (generally primary airports within Class B airspace
areas), from the surface upward to 10,000 feet MSL. Unless otherwise
authorized by ATC, aircraft operating within this airspace must be equipped
with automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment having Mode C
capability. However, an aircraft that was not originally certificated
with an engine-driven electrical system or which has not subsequently been
certified with a system installed may conduct operations within a Mode C veil
provided the aircraft remains outside Class A, B or C airspace; and below the
altitude of the ceiling of a Class B or Class C airspace area designated for an
airport or 10,000 feet MSL, whichever is lower.
7. ATC
Clearances and Separation: An ATC clearance is required to enter and operate
within Class B airspace. VFR pilots are provided sequencing and
separation from other aircraft while operating within Class B airspace.
a. VFR
aircraft are separated from all VFR/IFR aircraft which weigh 19,000 pounds or
less by a minimum of:
i. Target
resolution, or
ii. 500
feet vertical separation, or
iii. Visual
separation.
b. VFR
aircraft are separated from all VFR/IFR aircraft which weigh more than 19,000
and turbojets by no less than:
i. 1
½ miles lateral separation, or
ii. 500
feet vertical separation, or
iii. Visual
separation.
iii. Class C: Generally, that airspace from the
surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding
those airports that have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar
approach control, and that have a certain number of IFR operations or passenger
enplanements. Although the configuration of each Class C airspace area is
individually tailored, the airspace usually consists of a 5 NM radius core
surface area that extends from the surface up to 4,000 feet above the airport
elevation, and a 10 NM radius shelf area that extends no lower than 1,200 feet
up to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation. Requirements include:
1. No
specific pilot certification is required
2. Unless
otherwise authorized by ATC, an operable radar beacon transponder with
automatic altitude reporting equipment.
3. Arrival
or Through Flight Entry Requirements: Two-way radio communication must be
established with the ATC facility providing ATC services prior to entry and
thereafter maintain those communications while in Class C airspace.
Pilots of arriving aircraft should contact the Class C airspace ATC
facility on the publicized frequency and give their position, altitude, radar
beacon code, destination, and request Class C service. Radio contact should
be initiated far enough from the Class C airspace boundary to preclude entering
Class C airspace before two-way radio communications are established
(communications are established when the controller responds with the
aircraft’s callsign).
4. Departures
from:
a. A
primary or satellite airport with an operating control tower. Two-way
radio communications must be established and maintained with the control tower,
and thereafter as instructed by ATC while operating in Class C airspace.
b. A
satellite airport without an operating control tower. Two-way radio
communications must be established as soon as practicable after departing with
the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the Class C airspace.
5. Aircraft
Speed: Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may
operate an aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 nautical
miles of the primary airport of a Class C airspace area at an indicated
airspeed of more than 200 knots (230 mph).
6. Air
Traffic Services: When two-way radio communications and radar contact are
established, all participating VFR aircraft are:
a. Sequenced
to the primary airport.
b. Provided
Class C services within the Class C airspace and the outer area.
c. Provided
basic radar services beyond the outer area on a workload permitting basis.
This can be terminated by the controller if workload dictates.
7. Aircraft
Separation: Separation is provided within the Class C airspace and the outer
area after two-way radio communications and radar contact are established.
VFR aircraft are separated from IFR aircraft within the Class C airspace
by any of the following:
a. Visual
separation.
b. 500
feet vertical; except when operating beneath a heavy jet.
c. Target
resolution.
8. Secondary
Airports
a. In
some locations Class C airspace may overlie the Class D surface area of a
secondary airport. In order to allow that control tower to provide
service to aircraft, portions of the overlapping Class C airspace may be
procedurally excluded when the secondary airport tower is in operation.
Aircraft operating in these procedurally excluded areas will only be
provided airport traffic control services when in communication with the
secondary airport tower.
b. Aircraft
proceeding inbound to a satellite airport will be terminated at a sufficient
distance to allow time to change to the appropriate tower or advisory
frequency. Class C services to these aircraft will be discontinued when
the aircraft is instructed to contact the tower or change to advisory
frequency.
c. Aircraft
departing secondary controlled airports will not receive Class C services until
they have been radar identified and two-way communications have been
established with the Class C airspace facility
iv.
Class D: Generally,
that airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation
(charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control
tower. The configuration of each Class D airspace area is individually
tailored and when instrument procedures are published, the airspace will
normally be designed to contain the procedures. Requirements include:
1. No
specific pilot certification required.
2. Equipment:
an operable two-way radio is required.
3. Arrival
or Through Flight Entry Requirements: Two-way radio communication must be
established with the ATC facility providing ATC services prior to entry and
thereafter maintain those communications while in the Class D airspace.
Pilots of arriving aircraft should contact the control tower on the
publicized frequency and give their position, altitude, destination, and any
request(s). Radio contact should be initiated far enough from the Class D
airspace boundary to preclude entering the Class D airspace before two-way radio
communications are established.
4. Departures
from:
a. A
primary or satellite airport with an operating control tower. Two-way
radio communications must be established and maintained with the control tower,
and thereafter as instructed by ATC while operating in the Class D airspace.
b. A
satellite airport without an operating control tower. Two-way radio
communications must be established as soon as practicable after departing with
the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the Class D airspace as soon as
practicable after departing.
5. Aircraft
Speed: unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an
aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 nautical miles of
the primary airport of a Class D airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more
than 200 knots (230 mph).
6. Class
D airspace areas are depicted on Sectional and Terminal charts with blue
segmented lines, and on IFR En Route Lows with a boxed [D].
7. Arrival
extensions for instrument approach procedures may be Class D or Class E
airspace. Generally, if all extensions are 2 miles or less, they remain
part of the Class D surface area. However, if any one extension is
greater than 2 miles, then all extensions become Class E.
8. No
separation services are provided to VFR aircraft.
v. Class E: Generally, if the airspace is not
Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D, and it is controlled airspace, it is
Class E airspace. Requirements include:
1. No
specific certification required.
2. No
specific equipment required by the airspace.
3. Arrival
or Through Flight Entry Requirements: No specific requirements.
4. Charts:
Class E airspace below 14,500 feet MSL is charted on Sectional, Terminal, and
IFR Enroute Low Altitude charts.
5. Vertical
limits: Except for 18,000 feet MSL, Class E airspace has no defined vertical
limit but rather it extends upward from either the surface or a designated
altitude to the overlying or adjacent controlled airspace.
6. Types
of Class E Airspace:
a. Surface
area designated for an airport. When designated as a surface area for an
airport, the airspace will be configured to contain all instrument procedures.
b. Extension
to a surface area. There are Class E airspace areas that serve as
extensions to Class B, Class C, and Class D surface areas designated for an
airport. Such airspace provides controlled airspace to contain standard
instrument approach procedures without imposing a communications requirement on
pilots operating under VFR.
c. Airspace
used for transition. There are Class E airspace areas beginning at either
700 or 1,200 feet AGL used to transition to/from the terminal or en route
environment.
d. En
Route Domestic Areas. There are Class E airspace areas that extend upward
from a specified altitude and are en route domestic airspace areas that provide
controlled airspace in those areas where there is a requirement to provide IFR
en route ATC services but the Federal airway system is inadequate.
e. Federal
Airways. The Federal airways are Class E airspace areas and, unless
otherwise specified, extend upward from 1,200 feet to, but not including,
18,000 feet MSL. The colored airways are green, red, amber, and blue.
The VOR airways are classified as Domestic, Alaskan, and Hawaiian.
f. Offshore
Airspace Areas. There are Class E airspace areas that extend upward from
a specified altitude to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL and are designated
as offshore airspace areas. These areas provide controlled airspace
beyond 12 miles from the coast of the U.S. in those areas where there is a
requirement to provide IFR en route ATC services and within which the U.S. is
applying domestic procedures.
g. Unless
designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 feet MSL to,
but not including, 18,000 feet MSL overlying: the 48 contiguous States
including the waters within 12 miles from the coast of the 48 contiguous
States; the District of Columbia; Alaska, including the waters within 12 miles
from the coast of Alaska, and that airspace above FL 600; excluding the Alaska
peninsula west of long. 160°00'00''W, and the airspace below 1,500 feet
above the surface of the earth unless specifically so designated.
7. No
separation services are provided to VFR aircraft.
i.
vi. Class
G: Class G Airspace (uncontrolled) is that portion of airspace that
has not bee n designated as Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E
airspace.
1. VFR
requirements: Rules governing VFR flight have been adopted to assist the
pilot in meeting the responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft.
Minimum flight visibility and distance from clouds required for VFR flight
are contained in FAR 91.155.
2. IFR
Requirements: Title 14 CFR specifies the pilot and aircraft equipment
requirements for IFR flight. Pilots are reminded that in addition to
altitude or flight level requirements, 14 CFR Section 91.177 includes a
requirement to remain at least 1,000 feet (2,000 feet in
designated mountainous terrain) above the highest obstacle within a
horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown.
IFR Altitudes:
|
IFR Altitudes
Class G Airspace
|
·
Special Use
Airspace:
i. General :
1. Special use airspace consists of that
airspace wherein activities must be confined because of their nature, or
wherein limitations are imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of
those activities, or both. Except for controlled firing areas, special
use airspace areas are depicted on aeronautical charts.
2. Prohibited and restricted areas are
regulatory special use airspace and are established in 14 CFR Part 73 through
the rulemaking process.
3. Warning areas, military operations areas
(MOAs), alert areas, and controlled firing areas (CFAs) are nonregulatory
special use airspace.
4. Special use airspace descriptions
(except CFAs) are contained in FAA Order JO 7400.8, Special Use Airspace.
5. Special use airspace (except CFAs) are
charted on IFR or visual charts and include the hours of operation, altitudes,
and the controlling agency.
ii. Prohibited Areas
1. Prohibited areas contain airspace of
defined dimensions identified by an area on the surface of the earth within
which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. Such areas are established
for security or other reasons associated with the national welfare. These
areas are published in the Federal Register and are depicted on aeronautical
charts.
iii. Restricted Areas
1. Restricted areas contain airspace
identified by an area on the surface of the earth within which the flight of
aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restrictions.
Activities within these areas must be confined because of their nature or
limitations imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those
activities or both. Restricted areas denote the existence of unusual,
often invisible, hazards to aircraft such as artillery firing, aerial gunnery,
or guided missiles. Penetration of restricted areas without authorization
from the using or controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft
and its occupants. Restricted areas are published in the Federal Register
and constitute 14 CFR Part 73.
2. ATC facilities apply the following
procedures when aircraft are operating on an IFR clearance (including those
cleared by ATC to maintain VFR-on-top) via a route which lies within joint-use
restricted airspace.
a. If the restricted area is not active
and has been released to the controlling agency (FAA), the ATC facility will
allow the aircraft to operate in the restricted airspace without issuing
specific clearance for it to do so.
b. If the restricted area is active and
has not been released to the controlling agency (FAA), the ATC facility will
issue a clearance which will ensure the aircraft avoids the restricted airspace
unless it is on an approved altitude reservation mission or has obtained its
own permission to operate in the airspace and so informs the controlling
facility.
NOTE
The
above apply only to joint-use restricted airspace and not to prohibited and
nonjoint-use airspace. For the latter categories, the ATC facility will
issue a clearance so the aircraft will avoid the restricted airspace unless it
is on an approved altitude reservation mission or has obtained its own
permission to operate in the airspace and so informs the controlling facility.
c. Restricted airspace is depicted on the
en route chart appropriate for use at the altitude or flight level being flown.
For joint-use restricted areas, the name of the controlling agency is
shown on these charts. For all prohibited areas and nonjoint-use
restricted areas, unless otherwise requested by the using agency, the phrase
"NO A/G" is shown.
iv. Warning Areas
1. A warning area is airspace of defined
dimensions, extending from three nautical miles outward from the coast of the
U.S. that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating
aircraft. The purpose of such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating
pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over
domestic or international waters or both.
v.
Military Operations Areas
1. MOAs consist of airspace of defined
vertical and lateral limits established for the purpose of separating certain
military training activities from IFR traffic. Whenever a MOA is being
used, nonparticipating IFR traffic may be cleared through a MOA if IFR
separation can be provided by ATC. Otherwise, ATC will reroute or
restrict nonparticipating IFR traffic.
2. Examples of activities conducted in
MOAs include, but are not limited to: air combat tactics, air intercepts,
aerobatics, formation training, and low-altitude tactics. Military pilots
flying in an active MOA are exempted from the provisions of 14 CFR Section
91.303(c) and (d) which prohibits aerobatic flight within Class D and Class E
surface areas, and within Federal airways. Additionally, the Department
of Defense has been issued an authorization to operate aircraft at indicated airspeeds
in excess of 250 knots below 10,000 feet MSL within active MOAs.
3. Pilots operating under VFR should
exercise extreme caution while flying within a MOA when military activity is
being conducted. The activity status (active/inactive) of MOAs may change
frequently. Therefore, pilots should contact any FSS within 100 miles of
the area to obtain accurate real-time information concerning the MOA hours of
operation. Prior to entering an active MOA, pilots should contact the
controlling agency for traffic advisories.
4. MOAs are depicted on sectional, VFR
Terminal Area, and Enroute Low Altitude charts.
vi. Alert Areas
1. Alert areas are depicted on
aeronautical charts to inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain
a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity.
Pilots should be particularly alert when flying in these areas. All
activity within an alert area shall be conducted in accordance with CFRs,
without waiver, and pilots of participating aircraft as well as pilots
transiting the area shall be equally responsible for collision avoidance.
vii. Controlled Firing Areas
1. CFAs contain activities which, if not
conducted in a controlled environment, could be hazardous to nonparticipating
aircraft. The distinguishing feature of the CFA, as compared to other
special use airspace, is that its activities are suspended immediately when
spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout positions indicate an aircraft might
be approaching the area. There is no need to chart CFAs since they do not
cause a nonparticipating aircraft to change its flight path.
· Other:
i. VOR Airways “Victor” - extend from
1200 feet AGL to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL 4 NM either side of
centerline, within 51 NM of the facility. Beyond 51 NM the 4.5° accuracy
factor determines the width of the airways/routes (approximately 2 NM in total
width every 13 NM). Airways are even numbered for East/West and odd for
North/South (FIH Sec B)
ii. Jet Routes - Class A designated by “J”
extend from 18,000 feet MSL to FL 450 no width. Upper limit is
established to prevent interference between stations with similar frequencies.
iii. Military Training Routes
1. MTRs are mutually developed for use by
the military for the purpose of conducting low-altitude, high-speed training.
The routes above 1,500 feet AGL are developed to be flown, to the maximum
extent possible, under IFR. The routes at 1,500 feet AGL and below are
generally developed to be flown under VFR.
2. Generally, MTRs are established below
10,000 feet MSL for operations at speeds in excess of 250 knots. However,
route segments may be defined at higher altitudes for purposes of route
continuity. For example, route segments may be defined for descent,
climbout, and mountainous terrain. There are IFR and VFR routes as
follows:
a. IFR Military Training Routes (IR):
Operations on these routes are conducted in accordance with IFR
regardless of weather conditions.
b. VFR Military Training Routes (VR):
Operations on these routes are conducted in accordance with VFR except
flight visibility shall be 5 miles or more; and flights shall not be conducted
below a ceiling of less than 3,000 feet AGL.
3. Military training routes will be
identified and charted as follows:
a. Route identification.
i. MTRs with no segment above 1,500 feet
AGL shall be identified by four number characters; e.g., IR1206, VR1207.
ii. MTRs that include one or more segments
above 1,500 feet AGL shall be identified by three number characters; e.g.,
IR206, VR207.
iii. Alternate IR/VR routes or route
segments are identified by using the basic/principal route designation followed
by a letter suffix, e.g., IR008A, VR1007B, etc.
b. Route charting.
i. IFR Low Altitude En Route Chart.
This chart will depict all IR routes and all VR routes that accommodate
operations above 1,500 feet AGL.
ii. VFR Sectional Charts. These
charts will depict military training activities such as IR, VR, MOA, Restricted
Area, Warning Area, and Alert Area information.
iii. Area Planning (AP/1B) Chart (DOD
Flight Information Publication-FLIP). This chart is published by the DOD
primarily for military users and contains detailed information on both IR and
VR routes.
iv. Temporary Flight Restrictions
v. Parachute Jump Areas
vi. VFR Routes:
1. Published VFR routes for transitioning
around, under and through complex airspace such as Class B airspace were
developed through a number of FAA and industry initiatives. All of the
following terms, i.e., "VFR Flyway" "VFR Corridor" and
"Class B Airspace VFR Transition Route" have been used when referring
to the same or different types of routes or airspace. The following
paragraphs identify and clarify the functionality of each type of route, and
specify where and when an ATC clearance is required.
a. VFR Flyways: VFR Flyways and their
associated Flyway Planning Charts were developed from the recommendations of a
National Airspace Review Task Group. A VFR Flyway is defined as a general
flight path not defined as a specific course, for use by pilots in planning
flights into, out of, through, or near complex terminal airspace to avoid Class
B airspace. An ATC clearance is NOT required to fly these routes.
b. VFR Corridors:
The design of a few of the first Class B airspace areas provided a corridor for
the passage of uncontrolled traffic. A VFR corridor is defined as
airspace through Class B airspace, with defined vertical and lateral
boundaries, in which aircraft may operate without an ATC clearance or
communication with air traffic control. These corridors are, in effect, a
"hole" through Class B airspace. A classic example would be the
corridor through the Los Angeles Class B airspace, which has been subsequently
changed to Special Flight Rules airspace (SFR). A corridor is surrounded
on all sides by Class B airspace and does not extend down to the surface like a
VFR Flyway. Because of their finite lateral and vertical limits, and the
volume of VFR traffic using a corridor, extreme caution and vigilance must be
exercised.
c.
Class B Airspace VFR Transition Routes: To accommodate VFR
traffic through certain Class B airspace, such as Seattle, Phoenix and
Los Angeles, Class B Airspace VFR Transition Routes were developed. A
Class B Airspace VFR Transition Route is defined as a specific flight course
depicted on a TAC for transiting a specific Class B airspace. These
routes include specific ATC assigned altitudes, and pilots must obtain an ATC
clearance prior to entering Class B airspace on the route. These routes,
as depicted in FIG 3-5-3,
are designed to show the pilot where to position the aircraft outside of, or
clear of, the Class B airspace where an ATC clearance can normally be expected
with minimal or no delay. Until ATC authorization is received, pilots
must remain clear of Class B airspace. On initial contact, pilots should
advise ATC of their position, altitude, route name desired, and direction of
flight. After a clearance is received, pilots must fly the route as
depicted and, most importantly, adhere to ATC instructions.
vii. Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)
1. TRSAs were originally established as
part of the Terminal Radar Program at selected airports. TRSAs were never
controlled airspace from a regulatory standpoint because the establishment of
TRSAs was never subject to the rulemaking process; consequently, TRSAs are not
contained in 14 CFR Part 71 nor are there any TRSA operating rules in 14 CFR
Part 91. Part of the Airport Radar Service Area (ARSA) program was to
eventually replace all TRSAs. However, the ARSA requirements became
relatively stringent and it was subsequently decided that TRSAs would have to
meet ARSA criteria before they would be converted. TRSAs do not fit into
any of the U.S. airspace classes; therefore, they will continue to be
non-Part 71 airspace areas where participating pilots can receive additional radar
services which have been redefined as TRSA Service.
2. The primary airport(s) within the TRSA
become(s) Class D airspace. The remaining portion of the TRSA overlies
other controlled airspace which is normally Class E airspace beginning at 700
or 1,200 feet and established to transition to/from the en route/terminal
environment.
3. Pilots operating under VFR are
encouraged to contact the radar approach control and avail themselves of the
TRSA Services. However, participation is voluntary on the part of the
pilot. Military personnel shall request TRSA Services
4. TRSAs are depicted on VFR sectional
and terminal area charts with a solid black line and altitudes for each
segment. The Class D portion is charted with a blue segmented line.
viii. National Security Areas:
National Security Areas consist of airspace of defined vertical and lateral
dimensions established at locations where there is a requirement for increased
security and safety of ground facilities. Pilots are requested to voluntarily
avoid flying through the depicted NSA. When it is necessary to provide a
greater level of security and safety, flight in NSAs may be temporarily
prohibited by regulation under the provisions of 14 CFR Section 99.7.
Regulatory prohibitions will be issued by System Operations, System Operations
Airspace and AIM Office,
References:
FAA Order JO 7400.2G, Procedures for
Handling Airspace Matters
AIRSPACE REVIEW ”QUESTION AND ANSWER”
Q. What are the
lateral dimensions of Class A Airspace?
A. Class A airspace
lies over the 48 contiguous states and Alaska, including airspace overlying
waters within 12 NM of the coast.
Q. What are the
vertical dimensions of Class A Airspace?
B. Class A airspace
vertical limits are 18,000 feet MSL to FL 600. In Alaska, excludes airspace
below 1500 AGL.
Q. What type of
flying operations are permitted in Class A Airspace?
C. Only IFR
operations are permitted in Class A airspace.
VFR is not permitted.
Q. What are the
lateral dimensions of Class B Airspace?
D. The lateral
boundaries of Class B airspace are individually tailored. There are no special dimensions. The airspace consists of at least 2 layers
(looks like an upside down wedding cake).
Q. How is Class B
airspace charted on a VFR sectional map?
E. Class B airspace
is charted on a VFR sectional by a series of blue circles.
Q. What are the
lateral dimensions of Class C Airspace?
Q. What is the
outer area of Class C airspace?
Q. What is the
definition of Class E airspace?
Q. How is Class E
airspace, at non-towered airports, charted on a VFR sectional map?
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